Letter to Lady Macbeth from her husband Essay Example for Free

Letter to Lady Macbeth from her husband Essay It has been a long time since I have seen you and I am missing you terribly. I hope that you are well. I am coping fine but I have been through quite a lot of trouble in a short space of time. Please let me inform you of my perturbed state and the strange, strange things I have encountered. Banquo and I fought a savage battle against the barbarian Norwegian army and the rebel Scottish lords. I was given the opportunity to come face to face with a rebel; MacDonald. As expected, I did not shake his hand nor did I bid farewell to him. Instead, I unseamed MacDonald from the nave to the chops and I fixed his head upon our battlements to declare our righteous victory. Obviously, I did not feel an ounce of fear or nervousness because I knew I was doing the right thing. The fire of my courage and braveness shone through and it was I who succeeded in battle. Whilst Banquo and I were on a heath near Forres, we came across three, peculiar weird sisters. At first, Banquo and I became rather confused as they slightly resembled women although they possessed beards and looked almost like trolls. He assumed they were not inhabitants of the Earth. Much to our amazement, they somehow had known our names. They then went on to make predictions that Banquos sons would become kings and that I will become Thane of Cawdor and later I would become king. The moment that I heard this I became fascinated and I demanded for more information. I, honestly, could not believe my ears. Did my ears deceive me; Did I really hear that one day I, Macbeth, would become King; How was this possible? I wanted, no needed, to know but much to my dismay the three sisters had vanished. Despite the fact that I am not in line for the throne, this was all I could think about. After the sisters had disappeared, we were greeted by two of the Kings men, Angus and Ross. They told me that the king had heard of my success in battle. They then announced that I was now Thane of Cawdor. I was extremely shocked and then asked how this could possibly be true as the Thane of Cawdor was still alive. They told me that he will be losing his life because he betrayed the king. I could neither understand nor comprehend this. Maybe, just maybe, the sisters were speaking the truth. But how can I become king? King Duncan is currently on the throne and he is well and healthy. The only possible way I can become king is if I The terrifying thought of what I have to do is eating away at my soul. Maybe I may have to murder King Duncan in order for you and I to be crowned the King and Queen of Scotland. God knows, how I am going to achive my goal. Please support me and help me make this possible.

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Affirmative Action Affirmative action in the United States is loosely defined as a policy that redresses the disadvantages of certain minority groups as a result of past discrimination, such as African Americans and Latinos, by giving them preferential treatment with respect to employment and university admissions. In particular, affirmative action has generated a great deal of controversy in university admissions, which has resulted in several Supreme Court cases. Proponents of the policy claim that affirmative action is permissible because a) certain racial groups have suffered from a long past of discrimination and b) there is evidence showing the educational benefits that result from a racially diverse student body reflective of the racial makeup of the United States. Although affirmative action may be a well-intentioned policy whose supporting arguments are based upon true historic facts, the policy as a whole is morally impermissible and only serves to perpetuate the issues it claims to address. In addition, the arguments in favor of affirmative action have several key issues, which include: a) not all groups that have suffered from discrimination benefit from the policy, b) using the two wrongs make a right fallacy to justify discrimination against nonminority groups, c) vague terms such as â€Å"critical mass,† d) assuming that an applicant is disadvantaged solely on the basis of race, e) stereotyping minority groups, and f) the contested definition of race in general. For centuries, African Americans and Native Americans have suffered from blatant discrimination, unjustified theft of land, grueling enslavement, death marches, cruel medical experiments, systematic lynchings, and genocide. Although most Hispanics never had to co... ... believe blacks can achieve in every avenue of American life without the meddling of university administrators.† Therefore, the solution to this issue of academic performance is bettering the education system in poverty stricken areas. If all racial and economic groups had access to equal educational opportunities, then they would all have the same capability to succeed in university admissions, given they are determined to do so. In the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.† Unfortunately, Dr. King’s dream has not yet come true, since African Americans are still judged (whether it be positively or negatively is beside the point) on the basis of their skin color when it comes to college admissions.

Simon Remarriage

The words ‘damaged/fractured/punctured/ broken' create images describing the ex-soldier physically but also referring to how these words could be used to describe the broken love. Therefore, it has been made clear that the love has become painful and traumatic as a consequence of war. Also, the metaphorical use Of ‘frozen river' and ‘blown hinge' reflects a war zone. The word ‘frozen' could reflect how the relationship has become still and lifeless. The narrator states that his jaw is a ‘blown hinge', suggesting that he is no longer open to her and unable to talk f his traumatic experiences.The image of violence is also incorporated within ‘Quadric' through a western theme showing the intensity of the relationship. ‘High noon' and ‘calamity' implant the image of a standoff in the wild west. This image of the standoff is inferred to be comparable to the relationship through the painful arguing that the once desire has turned into. Duffy references ‘hard liquor' to suggest that the relationship is reckless and has turned into something that is unhealthy also that if love goes wrong it can bring difficulties along with it. Manhunt' is made up of a series of couplets.The form of the poem creates a sense of fragmentation and the stages of process and search that the narrator has been through in order to find and heal their love. The series of couplets can be seen as a ladder that she is trying to climb to retrieve love once more, like the image of the ‘broken ribs'. Also, the rhyme scheme is irregular suggesting how the strength of the relationship is constantly changing. There is a personal tone to this poem as much of the topics are personal and it is quite conversational, inferring the woman is liking to her husband but cannot get through due to his physical and mental damage.Similarly, ‘Quadric' is structured to reflect the love in the relationship. This poem forms a broken sonnet, showing the eff ects of the broken love. Duffy may have used enjambment between stanzas to capture the idea of relentless pain and that she does not want to finish the sentence and the relationship. The technique of enjambment has been used to separate ‘I'm all' from ‘alone' reflecting the isolation the women feels. Simon Remarriage incorporates many delicacy and care adjectives: ‘mind/hold/attend'.

Lady Catherine De Bourgh And Mrs. Bennet Essay - 1554 Words

When considering the concept of life or death, one tends to imagine someone deserted on an island with no tools to survive or someone getting attacked by an animal or some abnormal situation like that. Most certainly, the Regency period does not come to mind. However, women of the period experienced the concept quite vividly- if they could not marry and they had no brothers or sons, they could often lose their fortunes and homes upon the death of their father or husband. Their entire livelihood depended on men solely because society refused the idea that women were actually equal to men and Jane Austen knew this well. Accompanied by the enlightening insights of Charlotte Lucas, Austen cleverly utilizes an extreme caricature in the form of Lady Catherine De Bourgh and Mrs. Bennet in order to reveal how marriage was the only way to ensure the financial stability of a young woman due to the constraints the patriarchy placed on women during the period. Women clearly recognized this as th e sole means of avoiding a life filled with hardship and misery, which manifests itself within Pride Prejudice through Lady Catherine’s and Mrs. Bennet’s constant worrying over their respective daughters’ marital status. Accordingly, Austen is blunt about this concept of marriage equating survival for women from the beginning, although many overlook her brutal honesty upon first read. In particular, she opens the novel with this iconic line: â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that aShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1359 Words   |  6 PagesOne of these examples is expressed through the comparison of Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Mrs. Bennet. They serve as the obliviously loathed and laughed at females in the novel. These characters complement one another in their foolishness, regardless of the fact they originate from opposing classes. As such, Austen shows that class does not determine a character’s classiness or couth. Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Mr. Collins patroness and Mr. Darcy s snobbish aunt, is a sarcastic woman fixated withRead MoreThe Theme of Society in Pride and Prejudice Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding social class. Austen follows the development of an outspoken middle-class British woman, Elizabeth Bennet, as she encounters and overcomes the many social barriers that separate her from her wealthy upper-class neighbors. Throughout the novel, Lizzie must confront society’s class-consciousness, particularly with her family’s growing relationship with the wellborn Bingleys and their friend, Mr. Darcy. It is clear that the author, Jane Austen, intended Pride and Prejudice to be a parody of the OldRead MoreJane Austens Presentation of Mr Collins in Pride and Prejudice1043 Words   |  5 Pagesof Mr Collins in Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen presents Mr Collins as a character with many different traits. Mr Collins is a man who is very aware of his social status, likes to impress people, is extremely proud and has an inflated ego to name but a few. The first time we get a mention of Mr Collins, is in chapter thirteen, where we learn that Mr Bennet has in fact never met the man who will inherit the house upon Mr Bennets death. We learn this from Mr Read MoreEssay Class Consciousness in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice1173 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding social class. Austen follows the development of an outspoken, middle-class British woman, Elizabeth Bennet, as she encounters and overcomes the many social barriers that separate her from her aristocratic neighbors. Throughout the novel, Lizzie must confront society’s class-consciousness, particularly with her family’s growing relationship with the wellborn Bingleys and their friend, Mr. Darcy. It is clear that author, Jane Austen, intended Pride and Prejudice to be a parody of English society’sRead MorePride and Prejudice, Parenting1478 Words   |  6 Pagesand discuss the theme of parenthood. I will only comment on the characters that are parents or come over as parents, namely, Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Gardiner, Mrs. Gardiner and Lady Catherine De Bourgh. The last character mentioned may not come over as a parent but she acts like one. To begin with, I will start talking about the Bennet family. If we look at the Bennets with modern eyes, we could say that their behavior towards their daughters is very different from how parents get along withRead MorePride and Prejudice: Exploring the Chasm Between Love and Marriage in Georgian England1675 Words   |  7 Pagesuses comedy to expose hypocrisy Early in the Novel, Jane Austen is initially presents Mr. Collins with comic irony and as a figure of absurdity to be mocked as a potential husband; Austen reveals Mr. Collin’s s palpable and selfish reasons for marrying in a simple comic statement â€Å"Mr. Collins had only to change from Jane to Elizabeth — and it was soon done — done while Mrs. Bennet was stirring the fire† Mr Collins an obsequious, egotistic and contemptible man uses a shallow approach to marriageRead MoreJane Austen Satirises the Social Standards of her Time in Pride Prejudice2367 Words   |  10 Pagesthan everyone else. Jane Austen gently satirises Mrs Bennet, by showing the constant mention of her nerves and her attempt to get all her daughters married. Mrs Bennet is a miraculously tiresome character in the story. Mrs Bennet got married to Mr Bennet because of her looks not because of her brains. Mr Bennet is quite sarcastic to her; in the story when Mrs Bennet is excited about the new occupants of Netherfield estate, Mr Bennet doesnt really seem interested. For example You wantRead More An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1662 Words   |  7 Pagesthe characters who display these traits are Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Miss Bingley, and, of course, Darcy and Elizabeth. Although Darcy and Elizabeth are the two central characters, and are the ones who are proud and prejudiced respectively, there are several others who are plagued with character flaws. At the opening of the story, Mr. Collins is introduced as the cousin of the Bennets who is coming to Longbourn for a visit. Mr. George Wickham is an officer introduced towardRead More Analysis of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesin â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† are that Mr Bennet has five daughters and no sons. This may be the reason why Mrs Bennet is obsessed with getting her daughters married. â€Å"A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!† Mrs Bennet always mentions the amount the possible candidate earns a year this shows that the financial aspect is vitally important as it ensures there daughters future security. Because Mr Bennet has only daughters there will be inheritanceRead MoreMiss Mary Bennet, By Jane D. Austen1177 Words   |  5 Pages Miss Mary Bennet, â€Å"the only plain one in the family, [who] worked hard for knowledge and accomplishments,† (Austen 11) provides her readers with another perspective of the female sphere. Even at the Netherfield Ball, young Mary occupies herself at the piano, connecting rarely with others, and even more rarely dancing with a gentleman (Austen 48). Unlike her sisters, Mary Bennet has no preferences on males; â€Å"what are men compared to rocks and mountains† (Austen 73). Her devotions in her youth are

The Theme Of Hate And Revenge In Shakespeares Hamlet

Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a tale laced with hate and revenge. Young Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, is his role model who he bases his actions after. His unexpected death throws Hamlet into a dark time of despair which only compounds his grief when his mother Gertrude remarries to his father’s brother, Claudius. Hamlet mopes around the castle at Elsinore feeling sorry for himself. This is why when Hamlet hears his father’s ghost may have appeared he jumps at the opportunity to see him again. He listens earnestly to the ghost and falls head over heels for his commands, sending him down a single-minded path of no return. His one desire for revenge consumes his thoughts and causes him to hurt those around him. Throughout the play, Hamlet’s†¦show more content†¦Later, he confirms his sorrow is overwhelming by sequentially decreasing the increments of time between King Hamlet’s death and his mother’s remarriage. Both incidents demonstr ate Hamlet’s feelings of hopelessness and devastation caused by his father’s absence and foreshadows he would undergo almost anything to bring back his beloved role model and father figure. Illustrating this desperation, Hamlet fights of his friends in order to converse with his father’s ghost. Furthermore, the ghost confirms he is in fact King Hamlet’s spirit and notifies Hamlet that Claudius poisoned him. Horrified, Hamlet vows to avenge his father and devises a plan to gain knowledge: he will pretend to become mad. By taking his revenge to such extremes early on, it demonstrates Hamlet will likewise continue to other extremes on his quest for revenge. Furthermore, Hamlet fails to discuss or identify any consequences his actions might have on those around him, indicating how focused he remains already on his revenge. Act II then reveals Hamlet displays changes in his relationships with other characters. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two childhood friend s, are asked by Claudius and Gertrude to help cure Hamlet’s madness. Because his friends are working for his parents and follow the king’s orders, Hamlet decides to omit the pair from his plans. When Claudius plans to terminate Hamlet, he writes a letter to England asking the English monarch to take care ofShow MoreRelatedThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time when theRead MoreThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time whenRead MoreEssay about Theme of Madness Conveyed in Shakespeares Hamlet1150 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, one of the most evident and important themes is the theme of madness. The theme is apparent throughout the play, mainly through the actions and thoughts of Hamlet, Ophelia, and Laertes. Madness is defined as the quality or condition of mental illness or derangement (being insane). Madness is at the center of the conflicts and problems of the play and is conveyed through Shakespeare’s elaborate use of manipulation and parallels between Hamlet, Ophelia, and LaertesRead MoreThe Juxtaposition of Hamlet Characters1658 Words   |  7 Pagesaround them. In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet†, Ophelia and Laertes represent different aspects of prince Hamlets traits that further the understanding of his behaviour, thoughts, and over-all character. Laertes and Ophelia, like Hamlet, are children of murdered fathers. This connection helps create a link between the three that sends them passionately to their end. Ophelia has an important relationship and entangling affair with the prince. Hamlets and Ophelia’s actions inRead MoreA popular writer in his own lifetime, William Shakespeares reputation became increasingly popular900 Words   |  4 PagesA popular writer in his own lifetime, William Shakespeares reputation became increasingly popular after his death and his work is widely performed throughout the world. He is the most quoted writer in the literature and history because of his poetries and playwrights. His most famous play was â€Å"Hamlet†, which showed a great deal of revenge. This plays theme reflected the true meaning of betrayal, hate and revenge. In this play Shakespeare shows how individuals would act towards a loves death, noRead MoreMadness versus Reality in Hamlet1550 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Hamlet Madness Versus Reality A tragic story motivated by revenge leads to a tragic end with avengers hunger for revenge results in death of the murderer and most often demise of the avenger himself. Revenge tragedies share within themselves some common aspects; sub plots, madness, passion, one or more violent scenes and a main character filled with hate for a significant opponent usually due to a crime committed against the avenger or the main character. Since authorities of theRead MoreResponse to Shakespeares Presentation of the Responsibilities and Obligations Placed on Sons by Fathers in Hamlet1394 Words   |  6 PagesResponse to Shakespeares Presentation of the Responsibilities and Obligations Placed on Sons by Fathers in Hamlet Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is a play based on the theme of revenge (otherwise known as a revenge tragedy). However there are other themes to this play that may not be as obvious as the main. Love, hate, madness are all other themes to this play, along with the theme of responsibility to sons and fathers. This theme is sustained throughout the whole playRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet s Revenge1742 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet’s Vengeance Hamlet is one of the greatest literary works that has the innate ability to transcend time with the study of the human condition. William Shakespeare investigates themes of revenge, morality, sex, and familial complexities that entangle us all at one point and time. Shakespeare story of Hamlet gives us one of our first tragic heroes in modern literary history. In his quest for revenge for his father’s death we also see the systematic decline and lapses into madness that willRead More Critical Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet Essay examples640 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet What is mans purpose in life? Is there a purpose? If there isnt, then is it wise to end it, despite the fact that there might be nothing better? In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet struggles with these and other issues. He states that the question of life is To be, or not to be...? Is existence really worth the troubles of life? In this monologue, Hamlet is wondering what is his purpose. He asserts that the only reason people endureRead MoreCharacter Characteristics Of Hamlet1074 Words   |  5 Pagesstands out from the protagonist Hamlet is that he does not like women in general, including his own mother. Some of Hamlets hate towards women comes from betrayal and disappointment from his own mother. At the beginning of the play, he mentions that he is disappointed in his mother, Gertrude, because she is going to marry to Claudius after only a few months after his father passed away. This makes him sick to his stomach and he becomes mad. At one point in the play, Hamlet reveals to his mother that

Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Australia and Climate Change

Market-based policies are a proven way to limit carbon pollution and channel capital and innovation into clean energy, helping to avert the catastrophic consequences of climate change† - EDF vice president for international climate, Nathaniel Keohan Introduction In a contemporary political setting, it is now broadly recognized that over the 20th century, the atmospheric concentrations of key greenhouse gases, particularly Carbon Dioxide have been amplified by human activity. Australia can be held accountable for around 1.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. However, Australia is one of the largest carbon polluters per capita, sitting around 24.4 tonnes per person. Much policy discussion about climate change suggests that surplus carbon emissions are the result of failure of the market. Since the ongoing costs of environmental degradation and climate change are not internalized in pricing fossil fuel; a commonsense (and widely flavored by policy makers in the international community) economic solution is to internalize the cost of carbon emissions. Cap and trade emissions trading schemes have proven largely popular in the global policy-making community, as they enable market flexibility and allow for international targets to be met. The problem with incentive-based economic mechanisms is that it is optional by nature. Relevant parties ‘opt in’ to the free market mechanism, rather than being required to participate in a policy based mechanism. The latter however,Show MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Environment933 Words   |  4 Pages On April 11, 2014, Cyclone Ita roared through Queensland, Australia leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. One of the strongest Category 5 storms ever recorded, winds were recorded at over 110 miles per hour before landfall. While destruction in Queensland and the surrounding areas was immense, the offshore damage to the Great Barrier Reef was catastrophic. Many places of the reef were left with no living coral structures and entire portions of the ecosystem were erased from the seabed (Zolfagharifard)Read MoreThe World Of The Great Barrier Reef873 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia is home to one of the most diverse and beautiful landscapes in the world. From uninhabitable arid deserts to snow-topped mountain ranges, lush tropical rainforests and gorgeous ocean beaches; it encompasses almost every type of environment possible. It is comparable in size to the United States and is home to nearly 20 million people (â€Å"Australia’s Geography and History†). Australi a also includes some of the most unique species of animals and geographic phenomena found nowhere else inRead MoreGlobal Warming : Climate Change1642 Words   |  7 PagesIt is established that the Earth is warming, climate change is caused by the steady rise of temperature in our atmosphere and oceans, this is also known as global warming. Energy from the sun that enters the Earths atmosphere is reflected back into space but some is absorbed by greenhouse gasses which radiates the energy to create heat. Greenhouse gasses have been on this planet since it was formed, they keep life on Earth living. Without greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere the Earths temperatureRead MoreEssay995 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first stage carbon is captured in various stages of industrial processes. Carbon dioxide can be captured, separated or extracted from flue gas (a gas exiting to the atmosphere via pipe). In some processes carbon dioxide can be captured during or before combustion occurs. After the carbon has been captured stage two begins. The carbon will be transported to a reservoir most likely through a pipe. The pressure and temperature will likely be raised so that the gaseous carbon dioxide is in a supercriticalRead MoreWhat Is Global Warming?1058 Words   |  5 Pagesto the effect of greenhouse gases; such as carbon dioxide emissions by burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The Greenhouse then traps these gases which creates heat that would otherwise escape from earth. This is what you would call a greenhouse effect. These Greenhouse gases mainly consist of water vapour. As we know, this isn’t directly caused by humankind in significant amounts. However, any increase in the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide can cause a substantial increase in the Earth’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Renewable Energy On Our Environment1159 Words   |  5 Pagesto its toxic emissions has made Australia on of the highest green house gas contributors in the world. Renewable energy is sourced from products that can be replenished and are more sustainable for our environment. With Australia’s increasing demand for electricity there are debates that we should be moving towards renewable energy to cut down our annual emissions as well as cut costs on electricity. There are many types of renewable energies that are becoming available in Australia, including solarRead MoreEssay on Global Warming1343 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovered carbon dioxide’ and in ‘1827, Jean-Batiste Fourier suggest ed that atmospheric effect kept the earth warmer than it would otherwise be’, (Direct.gov. n.d. A history of climate change). Since this time, reports, and study have be done with graphs to show the impact of global warming and what could happen to our planet. In 1979, the first conference was held this was called ‘International climate science’ it called on governments to ‘foresee and prevent man-made changes in climate’. 1988 theRead MoreClimate Change Is An Important Issue That Concerns Humanity999 Words   |  4 Pages Climate change is an important issue that concerns humanity. Climate change refers to an increase in average global temperatures. Every day, the enhanced greenhouse effect continues to advance, which significantly influences Earth’s long-term climate. In addition, human activity is also contributing to the increase of global warming and is already leading to harmful consequences. Some people believe that global warming is not occurring and the heating of the globe, is just a part ofRead MoreClimate Change Of Global Warming924 Words   |  4 Pages Figure 0.1 shows the different effects of global warming. Global warming is the warming of our planet at an extreme rate. The Earth’s climate has warmed by 7.8OC since 1880. (Quick facts about science, 2015). What causes global warming? The cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide. This acts like a blanket. Protecting the earth, and heating the earth. Sun rays would normally bounce around the earth, but with the blanket, the sun rays heat the blanket which heats the earth. (Petersen ScienceRead MoreEssay about Kyoto Protocol1702 Words   |  7 Pagescollective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%. The agreement aims to lower overall emissions from a group of six greenhouse gases by 2008-12, calculated as an average over these five years.† (UNFCCC, 2011) In December of 1997, 160 countries gathered in Kyoto, Japan to agree upon a Protocol that will curb emissions and hopefully restore emission levels to pre-industrial numbers. This Protocol is the Kyoto Protocol established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Control.

Role of World Bank in Disaster Management of Kenya

Question: Write about theRole of World Bank in Disaster Management of Kenya. Answer: This paper describes the short term and long term effect of natural disaster on the Kenya economy and possible actions taken by World Bank in the next few years. Natural disaster like severe earthquake creates negative impact on the growth of the economy and its national assets. International organisation such as World Bank provides aid to the lower income country for disaster management. The paper highlights the decision making process and their implications on the Kenyan economy. Short Term and Long Term Effect of Natural Disaster Natural disaster damages the tangible assets of the economy that creates either short term or long term effects. The relative impact depends on the rate of growth and rate of convergence of an economy. As stated by Blaikie et al. (2014), human capital is crucial factor, which helps to deal with frequent disaster management. An economy with rich in human capital can revive even after severe disaster. Natural disaster in Kenya disrupts the lives of poor people and leads to displacement, job loss, and loss of property, destruction of national infrastructure such as rail, telecommunication, and water sources contamination. These are all short term impacts of natural disaster Kenya. This country suffers from frequent disaster and hence impact is rigorous (meteorology.uonbi.ac.ke, n.d). Loss of agricultural output is also the short-term impact. During February 2017, Kenya Government has declared drought as national disaster. 2.4 million People in the country needs help in terms of fund, fo od and non-food items (abc.net.au, 2017). External aid is required to manage drought and complement government effort in this country. People and wildlife both are under risk due to severe drought. Food rationing and cash transfer among affected people are foremost responsibility of the Kenyan government. Long-term effect of natural disaster such as drought in this low-income country like Kenya is negative. Agricultural sector is mostly affected by the disaster. As aggregate output of the economy falls, per capita income falls (opendata.go.ke, 2017). Moreover, government spending increases to rehabilitate displaced people and rebuilding infrastructure. Increase in such government expenditure is unplanned and hence leads to fiscal deficit in the economy. Loss of agricultural output leads to the increase in crop price and creates inflation. Inflation reduces purchasing power of people and deprives some consumers from consumption of high priced products. As financial market in the economy like Kenya is not improved, rate of capital formation in the economy is slow (Blaikie et al., 2014). Without proper infrastructure, government has to start to reorganise economy after every disaster. Therefore, financing infrastructure is highly dependent on public funding. Government of developing coun try like Kenya hence, requires relying either on the foreign debt or foreign aid to use capital in the economy. Natural disaster may create long term unemployment in the economy. Possible Initiatives taken by World Bank World Bank provides global facility and assistance to disaster management. World Bank can increase aids to Kenya to support infrastructure development. The aid needs to be long term that can be used in productive purpose (worldbank.org, 2014). Aids can be provided to support short term impacts like migration, displacement, providing facilities like water, food and sanitation services. Any productive infrastructure project in this country needs to be technologically advanced to reduce the risk of natural disaster. The aid for 10 years can be granted to build rail, road, and telecommunication system. Aid of World Bank is required to support agricultural sector that is in the form of building technologically advanced warehousing and storage facilities, rotational cropping, improved irrigation system. These facilities can reduce demand supply gap created at the time of drought and flood. Schools can be made earthquake proof as Indonesia has implemented with the assistance of World Bank G lobal Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) programme (worldbank.org, 2014). This programme assists countries in five areas such as risk identification, reduction of risk, preparing for disaster, financial protection for country and people and flexible recovery. As drought has been announced as national disaster in Kenya, the World Bank can provide funds to the build up technologically improved crop storage unit where farmers can store grains and crops, when there is excess supply in the economy. Storage products can be supplied in the drought affected season. Drought is the result of chronic degradation of environment and climate change. Provision of emergency medicine, food and other non food items are short term aid that World Bank can provide. However, Kenyan government needs to use the funds to improve infrastructure for long term to resist drought in the form of building up water supply system, water storage system in the summer season. It can be concluded that natural disaster management is crucial factor for the growth of the economy that are vulnerable to the natural disaster. International organisation such as World Bank supports low income courtiers in disaster risk management programme in the form of aid. World Bank aid has been growing over the years. However, World Bank assistance would be effective only when government fiscal and monetary policy is supportive for the implementation of disaster management programme. World Bank may assist a significant portion of the spending. Government has to manage the effects of disaster through building proper infrastructure for which effective cost benefit analysis is required. Cost benefit analysis is required to evaluate the viability of the projects among several available alternatives. References abc.net.au (2017). Kenya declares drought a national disaster, appeals for local and international help. Retrieved on 1st May from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-11/kenya-declares-drought-a-national-disaster/8261970 Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., Wisner, B. (2014).At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. meteorology.uonbi.ac.ke (n.d) Kenya Natural Disaster Profile. Retrieved on 1st May from https://meteorology.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cbps/sps/meteorology/Project%20on%20Disasters.pdf opendata.go.ke (2017) National Natural Disaster Inventory. Retrieved on 1st May from https://www.opendata.go.ke/datasets/national-natural-disaster inventory?geometry=23.995%2C-7.673%2C51.681%2C7.661 worldbank.org (2014) Helping Countries Better Prepare for and Manage Disaster Risks, Climate Change Retrieved on 1st May https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/01/30/gfdrr-helping-countries-manage-disaster-risk-climate worldbank.org (2014) How to Develop Effective Disaster Recovery Programs Lessons from Vulnerable Countries. Retrieved on 1st May from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/10/lessons-in-effective-disaster-recovery-from-vulnerable-countries